Hoy se conmemora el Día Mundial de la Diabetes. En el mundo Existen 500.000 niños con esta enfermedad y cada año se diagnostican 80.000 nuevos casos. En el Hospital Garrahan funciona un equipo interdisciplinario de atención a pacientes con diabetes que atiende más de 400 casos.
En todo el mundo existen unos 500.000 niños y niñas con diabetes, el 90% sufre diabetes tipo 1, en la que el páncreas no produce insulina, una hormona que permite a la glucosa ingresar a las células y generar energía. Se calcula que cada año, otros 80.000 niños en el mundo desarrollarán este tipo de diabetes. En nuestro país se diagnostican aproximadamente entre 5 y 10 nuevos casos cada 100.000 personas anualmente. En el Día Mundial de la Diabetes, el Hospital Garrahan recuerda que la detección temprana de la enfermedad en la infancia es fundamental para su tratamiento y control.
La diabetes tipo 1 ocurre con mayor frecuencia en los niños y adultos jóvenes. Si bien la edad de comienzo más frecuente es durante el inicio de la pubertad, entre los 10 y 11 años. “Sin embargo, en los últimos años, se observa una tendencia en el mundo a que se adelante el comienzo a edades muy tempranas, con un pico de incidencia en niños menores de 4 años”, destacó Gabriela Krochik, especialista en diabetes del Servicio de Nutrición del Garrahan.
Krochik explicó que la diabetes tipo 1 es una enfermedad autoinmune: “los pacientes nacen con una predisposición genética que favorece que, ante la presencia de determinados factores externos medioambientales, se desencadene una respuesta inmunológica exagerada y equivocada que daña al propio organismo”. En la diabetes tipo 1 el órgano dañado por el sistema inmune es el páncreas, encargado de producir la insulina, necesaria para que la glucosa ingerida con los alimentos entre en las células y sea transformada en energía para el organismo.
LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA DETECCIÓN TEMPRANA
En algunos casos la diabetes se diagnostica por hallazgo, ante la presencia de una glucemia alterada en un control de rutina. Sin embargo, lo más frecuente es que los padres observen que los niños comienzan a tener más sed que lo habitual, despertándose de noche a beber. A esto se suma una mayor frecuencia y cantidad de diuresis, lo que a veces provoca que niños en etapas de aprendizaje de control esfínteres, que habían logrado dejar los pañales, vuelvan a orinarse en la cama. “Ese es un signo de alerta a tener en cuenta para una consulta médica”, afirmó Krochik.
Si estos síntomas pasan desapercibidos, comienzan otros más serios, como el adelgazamiento rápido, la deshidratación y un franco decaimiento. Esta etapa es crítica para realizar la consulta y el diagnóstico oportuno, ya que de no hacerlo, comienza la descompensación diabética, con un cuadro de intolerancia digestiva, vómitos, dolor abdominal severo y alteración del sensorio que pueden poner en riesgo la vida del paciente.
El Hospital Garrahan cuenta con un equipo interdisciplinario de atención a los pacientes diabéticos y estándares de atención definidos como “Modelo óptimo” por la International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes y la International Diabetes Federation. Este equipo atiende más de 400 pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 y realiza mensualmente 150 consultas diabetológicas programadas.
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