Un grupo de científicos mapea por primera vez la “extrema” magnitud de las disparidades en varias ciudades de América Latina
Una mujer que reside en una de las zonas menos favorecidas de Santiago de Chile vivirá 18 años menos que otra mujer que viva en la misma ciudad, pero en un barrio más pudiente. La vida de esta mujer —y de muchas otras— será casi dos décadas más corta por culpa de las brutales desigualdades que sufre la capital chilena, que estos días protagoniza numerosas revueltas contra su gobierno con estas injusticias como principal argumento.
“Suponíamos que las diferencias iban a ser importantes, pero en el caso de Santiago de Chile nos sorprendió la magnitud del problema”, reconoce Bilal
“Suponíamos que en Panamá y en Santiago las diferencias iban a ser importantes porque son dos países con mucha desigualdad y las grandes ciudades suelen representar la desigualdad de los países”, reconoce Usama Bilal, “pero en el caso de Santiago de Chile nos sorprendió la magnitud del problema”. Este epidemiólogo español, investigador de la Universidad de Drexel, es el autor principal de un estudio que publica The Lancet Planetary Health y que pone cifras por primera vez a la desigualdad social en seis grandes ciudades latinoamericanas que suman más de 50 millones de habitantes.
“Ahora mismo en Santiago hay protestas y en el mismo centro de esas protestas está la desigualdad social. Nosotros damos datos a la gente para que puedan probar que es real, que existe. Y que sea la sociedad la que responda si esta desigualdad es socialmente aceptable”, asegura Bilal. Y añade: “Estos datos pueden empoderar a los ciudadanos para plantearle demandas a sus gobernantes”.
En Santiago, dependiendo de la zona de la ciudad, las diferencias de esperanza de vida son esos dieciocho años en mujeres y nueve en hombres; en la ciudad de Panamá, de unos quince años para ambos sexos; en Ciudad de México, de once para hombres y nueve para mujeres; en Buenos Aires (Argentina) y en Belo Horizonte (Brasil), de cuatro y seis; y de cuatro y tres en San José de Costa Rica.
“Estos resultados destacan la importancia de desarrollar políticas urbanas enfocadas a reducir desigualdades sociales”, señala Ana Diez Roux
“Estos resultados destacan la importancia de desarrollar políticas urbanas enfocadas a reducir desigualdades sociales y mejorar condiciones sociales y ambientales en los barrios más pobres de las ciudades de Latinoamérica”, señala Ana Diez Roux, coautora del estudio e investigadora principal del proyecto SALURBAL, que estudia cómo influyen las políticas y distribuciones urbanas en la salud de los latinoamericanos.
“Viendo los mapas observamos unos patrones muy claros en algunos lugares; por ejemplo, si observas un mapa de la pobreza de Santiago, tienes prácticamente nuestro mapa de esperanza de vida de la ciudad, pero al revés”, afirma Bilal. “Estos patrones que aparecen en las ciudades nos muestran que no es aleatorio ese reparto de la esperanza de vida y que ese algo determina la segregación espacial”, ahonda el especialista de 33 años.
En el caso de Santiago de Chile les sorprende la magnitud de la diferencia, casi 20 años, porque son desigualdades que se suelen encontrar en unidades urbanas más pequeñas: en el ámbito del barrio y no del distrito. Sin embargo, en Madrid (España) hay diferencias de 10 años de esperanza de vida entre los barrios más privilegiados y los más desfavorecidos (solo de cuatro años entre distritos), mientras que en Buenos Aires están en torno a la mitad. “Cuando hay pocas diferencias puede deberse a que las unidades urbanas sean muy heterogéneas”, avisa Bilal, de modo que la segregación no esté tan segmentada. En este estudio no pueden difundir esperanzas de vida exactas asociadas a barrios concretos por cuestiones de confidencialidad.
Brecha educativa y económica
Para analizar el impacto del nivel socioeconómico en estas diferencias, estos científicos han usado datos del nivel educativo, que les han servido de indicador claro de los recursos de cada segmento de la población, que puede explicar gran parte de esta brecha. En el caso de Santiago, la diferencia en esperanza de vida entre las áreas con mayores y menores niveles de estudios puede llegar a ser hasta ocho años para hombres y doce años en el caso de las mujeres.
“Esta es la primera vez que se mapea la magnitud extrema de las desigualdades en esperanza de vida en varias ciudades de Latinoamérica, y constituye un primer paso fundamental para poder disminuirlas o erradicarlas en un futuro”, asegura el epidemiólogo. Ha empezado con seis, pero Bilal tiene dos millones de dólares de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de EE UU (NIH) para estudiar la salud de los habitantes de las más de 700 ciudades con más de 100.000 habitantes de EE UU y diez países latinoamericanos.
“Estos datos pueden empoderar a la gente para plantearle demandas a sus gobernantes”, asegura el epidemiólogo
Latinoamérica es una de las regiones más desiguales del planeta, pero muchas de estas injusticias permanecen sin concretar, o desconocidas, por falta de datos concretos que los materialicen en toda su crudeza encima de la mesa. Y las ciudades son buenos laboratorios en los que estudiar estos problemas sociales que lastran la salud de la población como la peor de las epidemias. De ahí que un equipo de epidemiólogos, coordinado por Bilal, se haya decidido a poner el microscopio en la desigualdad urbana latinoamericana, donde vive el 80% de la población.
Este estudio es la prueba de concepto de que sus mediciones funcionan, por eso escogieron ciudades que tuvieran buenos datos de gran cantidad de distritos distintos (o comunas). Más adelante irán reduciendo las dimensiones de las esas células mínimas de estudio a bloques más pequeños, lo que llamaríamos una sección censal en España, por ejemplo, con datos que les permitan georreferenciar las muertes y encontrar patrones y correlaciones más claras.
Los investigadores han observado mayor diferencia dentro de las urbes que entre ellas, como explica Bilal: “Si comparamos entre las ciudades, la desigualdad es menor que dentro de ellas, por eso no suele ser muy útil cuando hablamos de la esperanza de vida de una ciudad entera, menos si hablamos de la esperanza de vida de los países”.
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