La Cátedra Libre de Soberanía Alimentaria-CaLiSA de la Facultad de Agronomía hace años que trabaja en el desarrollo de la Soberanía Alimentaria en Argentina, centrando la atención en la producción agraria, en los productores y trabajadores agrarios, la “sostenibilidad ambiental” y el derecho a la alimentación de todos los ciudadanos.
La lógica del crecimiento de Argentina y América Latina se asentó sobre las “ventajas comparativas”, o sea la dotación de recursos naturales demandados fuertemente desde los países centrales –alimentos y minerales- . El impacto fue intenso:
- creciente concentración de la producción, de la propiedad de la tierra y la posesión de los bienes naturales, concentración de la provisión de insumos, del acceso a la tecnología y a los mercados, que se hace más evidente aún en las etapas de comercialización de los alimentos, con la preeminencia de capitales de origen transnacional;
- comprobable deterioro de las variables ambientales, consecuencia, en buena medida, del monocultivo transgénico (la “sojización”) y el uso indiscriminado de agroquímicos.
- Es una realidad cada vez más consciente, la creciente demanda de alimentación sana, cuidado del ambiente y universalización de derechos. Es muy importante el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar orgánica, sin uso de venenos.
Las consecuencias sociales y sanitarias del modelo agrario actual exigen considerar la esencia misma del modelo y planificar su transformación a largo plazo.
El uso masivo de agroquímicos en la producción ha multiplicado enfermedades ligadas a la alimentación y nutrición como la celiaquía, hipertensión, diabetes juvenil, hipotiroidismo, algunos tipos de cáncer y de enfermedades neurológicas. Además, los resultantes de la malnutrición alcanza magnitud y valores similares a los de los países desarrollados: el 40 % promedio de los niños posee sobrepeso y entre ellos el 6 % son obesos.
El rol del estado
El desarrollo no es el resultado del “libre juego de los mercados”. Se requiere una acción coherente del Estado en el marco de un Plan Estratégico que abarque a todo el Sistema Agroalimentario. Actualmente existen dos orientaciones principales en lo existente y en lo que debería hacerse:
- Actualmente existe una intensificación del modelo actual, atendiendo y corrigiendo algunas “cosas negativas” (que es más de lo mismo), a cargo de los mismos actores (mas allá de los discursos, sigue el desmonte indiscriminado y el uso criminal de las fumigaciones de potentes venenos cerca de centros poblados)
2) Hace falta en forma urgente, una reorientación hacia un modelo económica, social, cultural, política y éticamente sustentable. En este caso, la imprescindible y compleja transición (el cómo hacerlo) tiene dos etapas:
- En lo inmediato
-aplicar las leyes vigentes (Bosques, Seguridad Alimentaria, Trabajo Agrario, derechos de los pueblos originarios, reglamentar, financiar y volver a poner en vigencia la Ley de Agricultura Familiar derogada por el actual gobierno apenas asumió.
– legislar sobre Arrendamientos rurales, Manejo y Conservación del Suelo; Ordenamiento Territorial y Derecho a la Alimentación.
-reducir el monocultivo de soja, diversificar la producción de granos y promover sistemas de producción sustentables.
– dinamizar planes masivos de asentamiento de población en áreas rurales.
-promover coordinada y sistemáticamente la producción agroecológica.
-asegurar la calidad y sanidad de los alimentos y controlar sus precios.
- b) A largo plazo
Profundizar la democratización del acceso a los bienes naturales y poblar el territorio (la “marcha al campo” de cientos de miles de familias) a fin de mejorar la vida en las ciudades, generar trabajo decente, cuidar el ambiente y producir alimentos sanos. Redefinir el rol de la Región Pampeana y las grandes llanuras en función de esos objetivos y que además, atentos a la Crisis Climática Global, será un tema prioritario.
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