El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), es una enfermedad provocada por un taponamiento o rotura de una arteria en el cerebro. Es tan frecuente que está considerada la tercera causa de muerte en la argentina y el mundo.
Si se produce porque se obstruye una arteria cerebral se denomina “isquémico”. En cambio, cuando se rompe una arteria cerebral y se forma un hematoma en el tejido, es un ACV hemorrágico. Cualquiera sea su tipo, debe tratarse de inmediato para que no queden secuelas. Se calcula que nueve de cada diez personas que lo padecen quedan con alguna discapacidad o daño cerebral.
El 30% de las personas fallecen el primer mes, lo que significa de 39.000 a 60.000 muertes anuales en Argentina por esta causa.
Los factores de riesgo son hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, diabetes, alcohol y dislipemia (alteración de las concentraciones de lípidos y lipoproteínas en la sangre).
El 77% de los ACV corresponden a un primer evento, lo que pone de manifiesto la importancia de la prevención primaria.
Los síntomas que se presentan en forma repentina son:
• Pérdida de sensibilidad y/o fuerza de un lado u otro de la cara, brazo o pierna.
• Dificultad para hablar o comprender el lenguaje.
• Pérdida transitoria de la visión.
• Dolor de cabeza intenso y súbito.
• Pérdida del equilibrio, vértigo.
• Imposibilidad de caminar y ejecutar maniobras de forma coordinada.
Si bien hay factores de riesgo preeminentes como la edad (a mayor edad, más probabilidades de contraer un accidente cerebro vascular), haber sufrido previamente un evento vascular cerebral y/o tener antecedentes en la familia, que no podemos modificar, hay otros como la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes, el colesterol alto, la vida sedentaria, el tabaquismo y el consumo de drogas, que se pueden alterar mediante la intervención médica.
Saber de qué se trata un accidente cerebrovascular, detectar cuáles son sus síntomas y trabajar en los factores de riesgo modificables es una manera de prevenir y curar.
Dado que el ACV tiene estas particularidades, su tratamiento requiere de la acción coordinada de un equipo profesional multidisciplinario que comprende desde la recepción del llamado a la ambulancia, la asistencia en la ambulancia, el rápido traslado a un centro capacitado para realizar los tratamientos de urgencia y los estudios diagnósticos que se requieran.
Actualmente, en el ámbito de los Hospitales del GCBA, existen dos hospitales que cuentan con Unidades de ACV, es decir con un equipo multidisciplinario organizado y especializado en la atención de pacientes con ACV agudo, con guardia de neurología especializada en patología cerebrovascular las 24 horas todos los días del año, con disponibilidad de tratamientos de reperfusión.
Estas Unidades de ACV se encuentran en el Hospital Ramos Mejía y en el Hospital I. Pirovano, y trabajan en red junto con el SAME en CABA, recibiendo pacientes derivados desde otros hospitales cercanos.
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